Transparencies
Sans titreIncludes: Correspondence between CERN and MIT/LCS concerning the latter's establishment of a WWW Consortium (W3C). Notes on CERN's response to this action, and discussions on setting up a European organisation. Alexandria was R. Cailliau's proposal for a European centre to promote the Web, which he sent to the European Commission in January 1994. WebCore is the name of EU ESPRIT Project 9801, the European development of W3C, which was finally adopted (initially hosted by CERN, then by INRIA).
Sans titreMainly contains copies of reports and articles.
Sans titreConcerns a proposed collaboration agreement between CERN and the Fraunhofer Institute for Graphic Design, Darmstadt.
Sans titreSlice of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) prototype beam tubes in dipole magnet The LHC is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator that accelerates and collides two beams of protons or ions to near the speed of light in opposite directions. It first started up in 2008, and is the latest addition to CERN’s accelerator complex (2025). The LHC consists of a 27-km ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way. Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. The high bending and accelerating fields needed can only be reached using superconductor magnets at very low temperature (‑271.3°C). There are 1232 dipole magnets like this prototype in the LHC, used to guide the particles around the 27 km ring. Dipole magnets must have an extremely uniform field, which means the current flowing in the coils that produce the magnetic field has to be very precisely controlled. Nowhere before has such precision been achieved at such high currents. The temperature is measured to five thousandths of a degree, the current to one part in a million. The current creating the magnetic field pass through superconducting wires at up to 12 500 amps, about 30 000 times the current flowing in a 100 W light bulb. Since the LHC accelerate two particle beams moving in opposite directions, it is really two accelerators in one. To keep the machine as compact and economical as possible, two dipole magnets are built into a single housing.
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A drift tube from the Linac 1. This was the first tank of the linear accelerator Linac1, the injection system for the Proton Synchrotron, It ran for 34 years (1958 - 1992). Protons entered at the far end and were accelerated between the copper drift tubes by an oscillating electromagnetic field. The field flipped 200 million times a second (200 MHz) so the protons spent 5 nanoseconds crossing a drift tube and a gap. Moving down the tank, the tubes and gaps had to get longer as the protons gained speed. The tank accelerated protons from 500 KeV to 10 MeV. Linac1 was also used to accelerate deutrons and alpha particles for the Intersecting Storage Rings and oxygen and sulpher ions for the Super Proton Synchrotron heavy ion programme.
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