The cartridges had a total capacity of up to 8.5 TB. They were actually manufactured by the Fujifilm company, used Barium Ferrite (BaFe) magnetic particle technology to store the user data and were equipped with a Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) chip (for quick access to the cartridge metadata).\ The tape length inside of each cartridge is 1147 meters while it is only 5.2 microns thick. Once mounted in a tape drive, the media moves over the drive head at the speeds of up to 4.7 meters/second when reading or writing, but up to 13 meters/second when locating to a file. Since 2019, all data that had been stored on such cartridges have been copied onto more modern supports. As of 2022, CERN uses similar tapes produced by other suppliers and having a capacity of up to 20 TB.
The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) is a state-of-the-art particle detection technology utilized in the CMS experiment at CERN. It enhances the accuracy and resolution of muon measurements, playing a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of fundamental particle physics.
The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the world's first hadron collider. It operated from 1971 to 1984 and held the record luminosity for hadron colliders till 2004. The ISR hosted the first superconducting quadrupole magnets. The ISR low-$\beta$ quadrupole magnets were part of a luminosity upgrade program. The coils were wound using a rectangular Cu/Nb-Ti wire, enamel insulated, and were epoxy impregnated. Glass-epoxy bands kept the coils together in the quadrupole configuration and withstood the electromagnetic forces.
The Hadron-Elektron-Ringanlage (HERA) collided protons with energies up to 920 GeV with electrons or positrons with energies up to 27.5 GeV. It operated from 1992 to 2007, probing the internal structure of the proton. Many of the features of the HERA superconducting magnets became standards for later projects. The HERA ring was installed in a 6.3 km tunnel at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Laboratory, Hamburg (Germany).
Before the days of electronic detectors, visual techniques were used to detect particles, using detectors such as spark chambers and bubble chambers. This plexiglass lens was used to focus the image of tracks so they could be photographed.
<3> pieces. Mesures are of the largest one. Multi-wire detectors contain layers of positively and negatively charged wires enclosed in a chamber full of gas. A charged particle passing through the chamber knocks negatively charged electrons out of atoms in the gas, leaving behind positive ions. The electrons are pulled towards the positively charged wires. They collide with other atoms on the way, producing an avalanche of electrons and ions. The movement of these electrons and ions induces an electric pulse in the wires which is collected by fast electronics. The size of the pulse is proportional to the energy loss of the original particle.