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42 modules like this one surround the collision point inside the LHCb detector. Their role is to measure the tracks of short-lived particles spraying out from the collision and to pinpoint the exact spots where they decay into secondary particles. Some exist for just trillionths of a second before decaying! The silicon modules operate so close to the collision point, they can only be moved into position once the circling particle beams are at their most focused. Otherwise, peripheral particles on the outside of the finer-than-a-hair beam would bore a hole right through them.

LHCb measures muons using gold plated tungsten wires stretched over read-out pads. A high voltage is applied across the wires and pads and the set-up is bathed in a gas mixture. Passing muons interact with the gas, knocking out electrons from its atoms in a process called ionization. Both the ionized atoms and the electrons then drift in the electric field. This movement creates an electric signal in the wires and pads that is used to identify where the muon has passed. In total, the LHCb muon detectors contain about 2 million wires and are capable of making measurements 40 million times a second – every time the particle beams collide.

Fable with a lion and a licorn fighting to discover the nature's secrets. Probably related to a Solvay meeting and to problems posed by mesons.Literature

Adaptation of a piece of classical Ameriacn literature the theme is the mesons and the difficulty to observe them. Probably related to a Solvay meeting.Literature

Calculations on "The nuclear interaction according to the weak coupling pair theory".Calculations

Origins of the astronomy.Reprint

Article on the origin of life.[Reprint]

Calculations related to the Møller-Kristensen theory.Calculations

Quantum electrodynamics, renormalization.Manuscript

Article by O. Neugebauer on astronomy in the ancient world.Reprint