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Flash tube used in Gargamelle. Gargamelle was the name given to a big bubble chamber built at the Saclay Laboratory in France during the late 1960s. It was designed principally for the detection at CERN of the elusive particles called neutrinos.Gargamelle is on display at CERN in the Microcosm garden.

When you look through the glass at a picture behind, the picture appears raised up because light is slowed down in the dense glass. It is this density (4.06 gcm-3) that makes lead glass attractive to physicists. The refractive index of the glass is 1.708 at 400nm (violet light), meaning that light travels in the glass at about 58% its normal speed. At CERN, the OPAL detector uses some 12000 blocks of glass like this to measure particle energies.

Boxes of bubble chamber film showing photographs of particle collisions. The particle tracks were then analysed on scanning tables (see object CERN-OBJ-DE-029). We have a selection of bubble chamber film available for loan, including some from the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC).

A full box of small light guides A full box of small light guides.Light guides like this are used to carry signals to the electronics for recording.

<2> full boxes of light guides. Light guides like this are used to carry signals to the electronics for recording.

Empire scientific corporation. U.S.A. Série 3432

AOIP Paris. Type P12

On the inside of the cavity there is a layer of niobium. Operating at 4.2 degrees above absolute zero, the niobium is superconducting and carries an accelerating field of 6 million volts per metre with negligible losses. Each cavity has a surface of 6 m2. The niobium layer is only 1.2 microns thick, ten times thinner than a hair. Such a large area had never been coated to such a high accuracy. A speck of dust could ruin the performance of the whole cavity so the work had to be done in an extremely clean environment.

In detectors, light guides like this one are used to carry signals to the electronics for recording.