A full box of small light guides A full box of small light guides.Light guides like this are used to carry signals to the electronics for recording.
About 16 000 Micro Strip Gas Chambers like this one will be used in the CMS tracking detector. They will measure the tracks of charged particles to a hundredth of a millimetre precision in the region near the collision point where the density of particles is very high. Each chamber is filled with a gas mixture of argon and dimethyl ether. Charged particles passing through ionise the gas, knocking out electrons which are collected on the aluminium strips visible under the microscope. Such detectors are being used in radiography. They give higher resolution imaging and reduce the required dose of radiation.
In detectors, light guides like this one are used to carry signals to the electronics for recording.
The 3.70 metre Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) was dismantled on 9 August 1984. One of the biggest detectors in the world, it produced direct visual recording of particle tracks. 6.3 million photos of interactions were taken with the chamber in the course of its existence.
Before the invention of wire chambers, particles tracks were analysed on scanning tables like this one. Today, the process is electronic and much faster. Bubble chamber film - currently available - (links can be found below) was used for this analysis of the particle tracks.
LSD= spiral digital reader
Gargamelle was the name given to a big bubble chamber built at the Saclay Laboratory in France during the late 1960s. The experiment ran at CERN from 1970 - 1976 and in 1973 found the first experimental evidence of the particles responsible for transmitting the weak force. The weak force, one of the 4 fundamental interactions at work in the universe, has long been the subject of research at CERN. The force is responsible for radioactivity and is the reason why the sun shines. Gargamelle observed what is known as neutral currents, the process of a neutrino and electron transforming into a muon and a neutrino by exchanging an electrically neutral force carrier. The interaction was triggered by a beam of neutrinos and recorded by photographing the trail of bubbles left behind in the freon that filled the experiment's main chamber. Gargamelle has been conserved and is now displayed in the Microcosm garden.
A wire chamber used at CERN's Proton Synchrotron accelerator in the 1970s. Multi-wire detectors contain layers of positively and negatively charged wires enclosed in a chamber full of gas. A charged particle passing through the chamber knocks negatively charged electrons out of atoms in the gas, leaving behind positive ions. The electrons are pulled towards the positively charged wires. They collide with other atoms on the way, producing an avalanche of electrons and ions. The movement of these electrons and ions induces an electric pulse in the wires which is collected by fast electronics. The size of the pulse is proportional to the energy loss of the original particle.
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Magnetoscriptive readout wire chamber. Multi-wire detectors contain layers of positively and negatively charged wires enclosed in a chamber full of gas. A charged particle passing through the chamber knocks negatively charged electrons out of atoms in the gas, leaving behind positive ions. The electrons are pulled towards the positively charged wires. They collide with other atoms on the way, producing an avalanche of electrons and ions. The movement of these electrons and ions induces an electric pulse in the wires which is collected by fast electronics. The size of the pulse is proportional to the energy loss of the original particle.
Instrument used to test the wires of small chambers before closing them. The chambers were 50cm long, 0.45cm wide and 0.06cm thick. They were meant to be used in a calorimeter for a PS experiment.
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