The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the world's first hadron collider. It operated from 1971 to 1984 and held the record luminosity for hadron colliders till 2004. The ISR hosted the first superconducting quadrupole magnets. The ISR low-$\beta$ quadrupole magnets were part of a luminosity upgrade program. The coils were wound using a rectangular Cu/Nb-Ti wire, enamel insulated, and were epoxy impregnated. Glass-epoxy bands kept the coils together in the quadrupole configuration and withstood the electromagnetic forces.

The Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) was the largest lepton collider ever built, and gave high precision measurements of the W and Z particles. LEP was commissioned in 1989 and shut down in 2000, to leave room for the LHC. In conjunction with an energy upgrade, new, superconducting, final- focus (low-$\beta$) quadrupole magnets were built. The new magnets resembled much those built for the ISR luminosity upgrade, i.e., the coils were wound with a single rectangular wire. They operated at 4.5 K in a cryostat especially developed to fit into the limited space available in the shield placed in front of the experiment.

Rock samples taken from 0 to 170 m below ground on the CERN site when the LEP (Large Electron Positron collider) pit number 6 was drilled in Bois-chatton (Versonnex). The challenges of LHC civil engineering: A mosaic of works, structures and workers of differents crafts and origins. Three consulting consortia for the engineering and the follow-up of the works. Four industrial consortia for doing the job. A young team of 25 CERN staff, 30 surface buildings, 32 caverns of all sizes, 170 000 m3 of concrete, 420 000 m3 excavated. 1998-2004 : six years of work and 340 millions Swiss Francs.

The high magnetic fields needed for guiding particles around the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ring are created by passing 12’500 amps of current through coils of superconducting wiring. At very low temperatures, superconductors have no electrical resistance and therefore no power loss. The LHC is the largest superconducting installation ever built. The magnetic field must also be extremely uniform. This means the current flowing in the coils has to be very precisely controlled. Indeed, nowhere before has such precision been achieved at such high currents. Magnet coils are made of copper-clad niobium–titanium cables — each wire in the cable consists of 9’000 niobium–titanium filaments ten times finer than a hair. The cables carry up to 12’500 amps and must withstand enormous electromagnetic forces. At full field, the force on one metre of magnet is comparable to the weight of a jumbo jet. Coil winding requires great care to prevent movements as the field changes. Friction can create hot spots which “quench” the magnet and ruin its superconductivity. A quench in any of the LHC superconducting magnets would stop machine operation. 50’000 tonnes of steel sheets are used to make the magnet yokes that keep the wiring firmly in place. The yokes constitute approximately 80% of the accelerator's weight and, placed side by side, stretch over 20 km!

About NbTi cable: The cable consists of 36 strands of superconducting wire, each strand has a diameter of 0.825 mm and houses 6300 superconducting filaments of niobium-titanium (Nb-Ti, a superconducting alloy). Each filament has a diameter of about 0.006 mm, i.e. 10 times smaller than a typical human hair. The filaments are embedded in a high-purity copper matrix. Copper is a normal conducting material. The filaments are in the superconductive state when the temperature is below about -263ºC (10.15 K). When the filaments leave the superconductive state, the copper acts as conductor transports the electrical current. Each strand of The NbTi cable (at superconducting state) has a current density of up to above 2000 A/mm2 at 9 T and -271ºC (2.15 K). A cable transport a current of about 13000 A at 10 T and -271ºC (2.15 K). About LHC superconducting wiring: The high magnetic fields needed for the LHC can only be reached using superconductors. At very low temperatures, superconductors have no electrical resistance and therefore no power loss. The LHC will be the largest superconducting installation ever built and, at 1.9 degrees above absolute zero (300 degrees below room temperature), one of the the coldest objects in the universe! Magnet coils are made of copper-clad niobium–titanium cables — each wire in the cable consists of 9000 niobium–titanium filaments ten times finer than a hair. The cables carry up to 12 500 amps and must withstand enormous electromagnetic forces. At full field, the force on one metre of magnet is comparable to the weight of a jumbo jet. Coil winding requires great care to prevent movements as the field changes. Friction can create hot spots which “quench” the magnet and ruin its superconductivity. A quench in any of the LHC superconducting magnets would stop machine operation.

About NbTi cable: The cable consists of 36 strands of superconducting wire, each strand has a diameter of 0.825 mm and houses 6300 superconducting filaments of niobium-titanium (Nb-Ti, a superconducting alloy). Each filament has a diameter of about 0.006 mm, i.e. 10 times smaller than a typical human hair. The filaments are embedded in a high-purity copper matrix. Copper is a normal conducting material. The filaments are in the superconductive state when the temperature is below about -263ºC (10.15 K). When the filaments leave the superconductive state, the copper acts as conductor transports the electrical current. Each strand of The NbTi cable (at superconducting state) has a current density of up to above 2000 A/mm2 at 9 T and -271ºC (2.15 K). A cable transport a current of about 13000 A at 10 T and -271ºC (2.15 K). About LHC superconducting wiring: The high magnetic fields needed for the LHC can only be reached using superconductors. At very low temperatures, superconductors have no electrical resistance and therefore no power loss. The LHC will be the largest superconducting installation ever built and, at 1.9 degrees above absolute zero (300 degrees below room temperature), one of the the coldest objects in the universe! Magnet coils are made of copper-clad niobium–titanium cables — each wire in the cable consists of 9000 niobium–titanium filaments ten times finer than a hair. The cables carry up to 12 500 amps and must withstand enormous electromagnetic forces. At full field, the force on one metre of magnet is comparable to the weight of a jumbo jet. Coil winding requires great care to prevent movements as the field changes. Friction can create hot spots which “quench” the magnet and ruin its superconductivity. A quench in any of the LHC superconducting magnets would stop machine operation.

Each MCS magnet consists of six coils, a laminated iron yoke, an aluminium shrinking cylinder, an end plate that houses the electrical connections and an iron magnetic shield. The coils are made by counter-winding a single, rectangular cross-section, NbTi wire around a G11 central post. The superconductor has a rectangular cross-section and is enamel insulated. The coils are wet wound. After winding G11 end spacers are fitted to the ends of the coils which are then cured. The cured coils are assembled on a precise mandrel together with the connection plate, wrapped with a glass-fibre/epoxy pre-preg bandage and cured to make an MCS coil assembly. The MCS magnet module is built by stacking the eccentric yoke laminations [1] around the MCS coil assembly in 6 different azimuthal orientations and shrink fitting the aluminium shrinking cylinder. The radial interference between the inner diameter of the shrinking cylinder and the outer diameter of the yoke lamination stack is chosen such that the correct pre-stress is produced at operating temperature. This interference is obtained by precise machining of the cured coil assembly outer diameter. Precise dowel holes in the end plate allow accurate placement of the magnet module within the magnetic shield. The magnets are mounted on their support plate in the dipole cold mass by means of a bolted flange, this flange contains a pair of accurately drilled 6H7 holes for doweling to the support plate. Coil inter-connections are made by ultrasonic welding. Quench protection resistors are connected in parallel with each magnet and mounted in the gap between the shrinking cylinder and magnetic shield. [1] A. Ijspeert, J. Salminen, “Superconducting coil compression by scissor laminations”, EPAC-96, Sitges, Spain, June 1996.

Dipole model slice made in 1994 by Ansaldo. The high magnetic fields needed for guiding particles around the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ring are created by passing 12’500 amps of current through coils of superconducting wiring. At very low temperatures, superconductors have no electrical resistance and therefore no power loss. The LHC is the largest superconducting installation ever built. The magnetic field must also be extremely uniform. This means the current flowing in the coils has to be very precisely controlled. Indeed, nowhere before has such precision been achieved at such high currents. 50’000 tonnes of steel sheets are used to make the magnet yokes that keep the wiring firmly in place. The yokes constitute approximately 80% of the accelerator's weight and, placed side by side, stretch over 20 km!